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About Depression
關於抑鬱症

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Common Depression Subtypes:

抑鬱症常見種類：

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  • Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)

       輕鬱症

  • Recurrent Depression

       復發性抑鬱症

  • Psychotic Depression

       精神病性抑鬱症

  • Atypical Depression

       非典型抑鬱症

  • Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

       侵擾性情緒失調症

  • Seasonal Affective Disorder

       季節性抑鬱症

  • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

       經前期不悅症

  • Postpartum Disorder

       產後抑鬱症

  • Bipolar Disorder

       躁狂抑鬱症

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Depression in Hong Kong:

抑鬱症在香港的情況：

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  • In 2018, 68.5 % of Hong Kong university students showed mild to severe depressive symptoms, 9% of which showed moderately severe to severe depressive symptoms 

       2018年，68.5% 香港大學生反映有輕微至嚴重抑鬱症徵狀，當中有9%大學生反映有中度嚴重至嚴重抑鬱症徵狀

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  •  In 2019, 48.8% of Hong Kong citizens showed mild to severe depressive symptoms,  7% of which showed moderately severe to severe depressive symptoms

       2019年，48.8% 香港市民反映有輕微至嚴重抑鬱症徵狀，當中有7%香港市民反映有中度嚴重至嚴重抑鬱症徵狀

 

Prevention and Common Treatments for Depression:

抑鬱症的預防及常見治療方法：

 

1. Medication 藥物

  • Antidepressants

       抗抑鬱藥

  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most used nowadays E.g., Fluoxetine

       現時最常用的藥物為 選擇性血清素再攝取抑制劑 ​(如：氟西汀)

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2. Cognitive-behavioral therapy 認知行為療法:

  • A type of talking therapy

      是一種以對話為主的療法

  • Focus on irrational beliefs that affect feelings and behaviors

       集中於會影響情緒和行為的不合理想法

  • Set and implement behavioral modification plan to solve problems

       設計及實行改變行為的計劃以解決問題

 

3. Electroconvulsive therapy 電痙攣療法

  • Applies electricity to induce seizure activity

       這種療法以電擊引致痙孿

  • Tackle neurobiological features of MDD

       針對重鬱症的神經科學症狀

 

4. Interpersonal Therapy 人際關系療法

  • Focus on one or two problem areas

       主要集中於一至兩個問題領域

  • Address the patient's past and present social roles and interpersonal interactions

       處理患者於過去及現在的社會角色和人際互動

  • Examines social relationships with important people in your life

       審視和生活中重要的人的關係

 

5. Adjustingife Style 調整生活方式

  • Healthy diet

       均衡飲食

  • Regular exercise

       恆常運動

  • Regular self-care activities, e.g., yoga, meditation, etc.

       定期進行自我照顧活動，例如：瑜珈、冥想等

  • Sufficient Sleep

       充足睡眠

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Stigmatization of Depression

抑鬱症污名化

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Depression stigmatization is the behavior of marking or discrediting patients of depression or reducing an individual with depression from being a whole person to being a stereotype or labeled as a collection of symptoms. Major types of depression stigma include self-stigma, public stigma, and institutional stigma.

抑鬱症污名化，是指對抑鬱症患者進行標記或抹黑，又或是以刻板印象、病徵替抑鬱症患者貼上標籤，認定他們是擁有某些特質的族群。抑鬱症污名的主要類別包括：自我污名、公眾污名以及結構性污名。

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Examples of Depression Stigmatization:

抑鬱症污名化的例子：

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  • "You should not have kids, you would just pass on your issue, so selfish!"

       「你沒有資格生小孩，因為你會將你的問題遺傳到下一代，你不應該這麼自私！」     

  • "Therapy and medications are just scams, you don’t need all that."

       「所謂治療和藥物都只是詐騙，你根本不需要這些東西。」

  • "Depression is an excuse for being lazy."

       「抑鬱症只是懶惰的藉口。」

  • "Just get over it. There is always a time when one feels sad."

       「別再這麼執著吧。每個人都有不開心的時候。」

  • "People with depression are less capable and less productive than 'normal people'."

       「抑鬱症患者能力和生產力較平常人低。」

  • "It is like you are not even trying. Why do you always want to seek help from those so-called professions?"

       「你根本沒有自己努力過。你為什麼總是要想著尋求哪些所謂專業人士幫助?」

  • "You are just overthinking. Your symptoms are not that serious. People with depression are those who…"

       「你想多了而已，你的病徵根本不嚴重，那些真正有抑鬱症的是會...」

 

Reducing Stigma:

去除污名化:

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  • Increase or initiate discussions about mental health openly, such as through social media 

       增加或者主動公開談論心理健康，例如在社交媒體上分享等

  • Education:  Respond to misperceptions or negative comments by sharing facts and experiences

       教育：透過分享個人經驗和事實、數據回應對抑鬱症的誤解和負面留言

  • Be conscious of language: Remind people of the use of words, and avoid using words with negative meanings

       留意用語：提醒身邊的人注意用詞，盡量避免帶有負面意思的詞語

  • Encourage equality between physical and mental illness: Compare the difference between how individuals treat patients       with mental illness and how they treat patients with physical illness 

       鼓勵平等對待身體的疾病和精神疾病：比較大眾對精神疾病患者和對身體疾病患者的待遇區別

  • Show compassion for those with mental illness 

       對受精神病困擾的人表示關懷和理解

  • De-demonize mental health treatment: Normalize mental health treatment as other health care treatment 

       將精神疾病去妖魔化：將精神疾病療法和其他健康服務治療看齊

  • Acknowledge media about their stigmatizing language when presenting stories of mental illness                                                 當傳媒錯誤地使用污名化精神疾病的描述講述精神疾病時，作出善意替提醒及更正

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References:

參考文獻： 

 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Major Depressive Disorder. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).             https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. 

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Choi, E. P. H., Hui, B. P. H., & Wan, E. Y. F. (2020). Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. International journal of                     environmental research and public health, 17(10), 3740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103740. 

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Eduhk. (2023). 社會資源.https://eduhk.hk/sao/upload/custompage_article/556/self/62d8e86c1a00a.pdf.

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Lun, K. W., Chan, C. K., Ip, P. K., Ma, S. Y., Tsai, W. W., Wong, C. S., ... & Yan, D. (2018). Depression and anxiety among university                          students in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 24(5), 466-472. https://www.nami.org/blogs/nami-blog/october-2017/9-                   ways-to-fight-mental-health-stigma.

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MindCare. (2023). List of Crisis Lines. https://www.mindcarehk.com/en/self-help-counselling-resources/list-of-crisis-lines/.

 

MindHK. (2020). The Landscape of Mental Health in Hong Kong - Research Report.

             https://www.mind.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Landscape-of-Mental-Health-in-Hong-Kong-Report-.pdf.

 

Greenstein, L. (2017, October 11). 9 Ways to Fight Mental Health Stigma.                                                                                                                       https://www.nami.org/blogs/nami-blog/october-2017/9-ways-to-fight-mental-health-stigma. 

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Oexle, N., Müller, M., Kawohl, W., Xu, Z., Viering, S., Wyss, C., ... & Rüsch, N. (2018). Self-stigma as a barrier to recovery: a longitudinal                 study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 268, 209-212.                                                                                               https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-017-0773-2.

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